A Comprehensive Review of Monkeypox Virus: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Control Measures

• Saurabh Chhotalal Norris,  
• Himani Bhardwaj Pandya,  
• Binda Prakashbhai Pipaliya,  
• Harsh Vinubhai Singel,*  
• Tanuja Bakul Javadekar

Abstract

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic pathogen related to smallpox, has gained attention due to its resurgence and potential for outbreaks. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MPXV’s epidemiology, transmission, and control measures, focusing on major outbreaks in India, including recent cases in 2022 and 2023. The review discusses the viral structure, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations, emphasizing diagnostic challenges and outbreak management strategies. Key diagnostic methods such as PCR, viral culture, and serology are explored. The roles of diagnostic agencies in India, including the National Institute of Virology (NIV) Pune and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), are evaluated. The review highlights the importance of early detection, improved public health responses, and effective prevention strategies to mitigate future outbreaks. Recommendations for enhanced outbreak management and future research directions are also outlined.

Keywords

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), Epidemiology, Prevention strategies, Outbreak management, Public health response