Study of viral markers (human immunodeficiency virus, HBsAg and anti-HCV) among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic

Introduction

Viral hepatitis B during pregnancy is associated with a high risk of maternal complications, including premature delivery, placental secretions, and premature rupture of membranes, vaginal bleeding, gestational diabetes and mortality. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection varies greatly in different regions of the world. It is highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, the Pacific Basin, parts of the Middle East, and the Amazon Basin. Data on the prevalence of HBV among expectant ladies is scarce.1

Family of Hepadnaviridae includes viral Hepatitis B. It is a deoxyribonucleic acid virus having an antigen at its core which is enveloped by a covering containing antigen. Importance of HBV infection during pregnancy comes from its potential for vertical transmission. Third world nations, the route by which it is usually transmitted is: mothers with HBV in their newborns usually infect their babies at birth or shortly after birth. If an acute maternal infection occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy, Ten percent of off springs of ladies with acutely occurring infection by viral Hepatitis B in the initial 3 months of getting pregnant will be surface Ag of Hepatitis B positive without preventive treatment.2

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted through transdermal exposure to infected blood. Other ways include mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and sharing contaminated equipment used for non-injecting drugs. Recent popular practices, such as piercings, tattoos or manicures in girls of childbearing age, may increase the percentage of pregnant women infected. Using unsterilized needles or sharing objects that may contain the fewest traces of blood can cause ladies to have infections. According to estimates by the CDC of the US, approximately 23 thousand to 46 thousand kids in the US have infliction as a result of viral Hepatitis.3

Although population-level studies in the pre-antiretroviral treatment era have shown that the decline in fertility caused by late-stage HIV leads to a decline in fertility, an increase in mortality and a decrease in fascination regarding sex, but the decline in fertility caused by HIV, but some research’s further show that infliction due to HIV can cause increment in chances of getting pregnant as the result of decrement in the action duration.4

Materials and Methods

Total of 246 patients showing infected with HIV, HBsAg and anti-HCV infection based on the pregnant women diagnosis from outside patients Department of Virology December 2019 to December 2020, were send to Virology Department of Microbiology, TMMC&RC Moradabad, UP. All pregnant women were included in this study.

Result

In table number two, 7 (2.8%) were positive for HBsAg, 35 (14.2%) were positive for HCV and no one was for HIV.Table 2

In this age wise distribution of HBsAg positive cases, in age group of 17-21 two patients were positive, in age group of 22-26 one patient was positive, age group of 27-31 three patients were positive, age group of 32-36 one patient was positive and no one was positive in the age above 36 years.Table 3

In this age wise distribution of HCV positive cases, five cases were positive in 17-21, age group of 22-26 twelve patients were positive, age group of 27-31 eleven patients were positive, age group of 32-36 four patients were positive and three were positive in the age above 36 years.Table 4

Discussion

The results inform that pregnant woman attending which ANC clinic, from Obs-Gyn OPD, harbor blood-borne, MTCT, needle inject, and STD viral infections like HIV, HBV, and HCV, which have otherwise remained diagnosed in the presence of screening.

Generality of these viruses globally vary a lot; hence, the prevalence in varied regions of the country varies wide. Sample size of my study was 246 ANC, in which samples; thirty-five samples had infliction as a result of Hepatitis C virus, infliction in seven expectant ladies had of Hepatitis B surface antigen. However, there have been not found any sample reactive for Human immunodeficiency virus. There square measure 204 samples were non-reactive in my study. In my research infliction has done by Hepatitis B surface antigen in explanation ladies, Hepatitis B surface antigen three percent, HCV fourteen percent in pregnant ladies that came within the hospital for ante partum care service.6

There was Hepatitis surface antigen in sera for identification of viral infliction, there were observed 3% Hepatitis B surface antigen. Distribution of Hepatitis Bsurface antigen in my result age wise, observations were found greater in young population 17-29 (5 cases), 1 infliction in 30-40 old and 1 infliction in 40-60 old. Among 246 sera collection, observation in 7 cases had Hepatitis B surface antigen.

Here, 2.8% generality of Hepatitis B surface antigen was seen in prenatal ladies.

This observation was higher in comparison to data provided in the study submitted by Odom JD, Mbah R, Rembert NJ, Tancho S, Evan GE, Nah C et al.(10.2%)7 while research of Olokoba AB and his colleague. (8.2%).8

Result observed is comparable to Khokhar N and his co-researcher, 3.03%)3 and Krunal Mehta et al.,2.9%).7 2.8% generality was observed due to Hepatitis B surface antigen in prenatal ladies, less in comparison to Reddy. S. (1.42%)9 Our study differs from that of Parveen Malhotra P. conducted in 2016),10 wherein reactive cases of liver inflammation seen were 4.4 percent, 0.36 percent, 11.8 percent and 9.7 percent. High HBsAg prevalence is shown in such studies as Bayo P and his colleagues. Prevalence of HBsAg infection was higher due to minimum public unhealthiness. Therefore, targeted screening is sufficient as a result of their square measure found several facilities in medical field.11

Conclusion

In our study, pregnant women had a higher HCV infection rate. Occurrence of HBsAg infection was low in expectant ladies. In our area, people were very careful because they don’t want to spread HIV in their area. The public has complied with HIV/AIDS regulations. They always used condoms and never shared needles. Hence the mother could not spread HIV to the child. In order to understand the reasons and inferences of these findings, and provide more guidance, other research is needed.

Source of Funding

The authors declare that we have received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.