Spectrum of all microorganism isolated from surgical site infection and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile

Introduction

Skin prevents infection in many ways because it is our essential immunity and substantially concluded the production of sweat and sebaceous secretions that provide acidic P^H and protection such as fatty acids. Lysozymes has certain properties such as dissolving bacterial cell and antifungal properties.1

Nosocomial infection is the common cause of surgical site infection. Common complication of surgery occurrence rates 2 to 20%.2 Most of the surgical site infection are harmless including only skin or subcutaneous tissue but sometimes can proceed to harmful infection.3, 4

Patients correlated Factors such as old age, nutritive states, already existing infection or comorbidity or hospital acquired Factors such as poor surgical techniques, elongated time period of surgery, preoperative part preparation, instruments of surgery not been sterilized sufficiently rises risk of infection.5 Sepsis always occurs due to bacterial infection after successful treatment of wound resulting a high morbidity and mortality.6 It has been seen that coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus found in pus followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriacae. S.aureus and Pseudomonas it accounts for 20-40% of all nosocomial infection. Pus also consist of all many staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter species and Proteus mirabilis. 7 Infection control has become difficult due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics and resistant of methicillin S. aureus, polymicrobic flora and by fungi.8 Mortality and morbidity causing bacteria are examined for the susceptibility to antibiotics and their spectrum is being examined for wound infection.9 Surgical site infection that occurs at an incision site within 30 days after surgery. 10

Materials and Methods

Observation & Results

Total samples 172 were collected out of which 106(61.7%) male and 66 (38.3%) Female patients. In our study out of 172 patients included in which 142(82.55%) were pathogenic isolates, 9(12.5%) were non -pathogenic and 21(12.20%) were no growth. Isolation of pathogenic organism shows most prevalent organism Staphylococcus spp 44 (30.99%), E.coli 41(28.87%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 23(16.19%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18(12.68%), Acinetobacter baumanni 9(6.34%), Enterobacter cloacae 5(3.52%), Citrobacter koseri 1(0.70%), Proteus mirabilis spp 1(0.70%).

Figure 1

Isolated organisms

Discussion

The present study was conducted in TMU medical college research center Moradabad, UP. Infection that occurred at the site of surgery is known as Surgical site infection.

During the period from December 2018 to September 2019 out of 172 wound swab from recruited patients after informed written consent were obtained.

In this study 106 (61.7) were of male and 66 (38.3) were of female total 172 were examined. Grish S. Sharanathe, S.A. Gadgil (2020)14 showed in their study male patient was 686 (46%) while the females was 805 (54%). In another study Siddesh B, Sirwar, Nazneen Fatima (2018) 15 found the rate of surgical site infection 139 males and 102 females patients.

The higher rate of infection in males than females was also observed by Leela Rani Kasukurthy, Madhumati Bathala (2020) 16 108 were males (60%) 72 (40%) were females. Arundhati Jamatia, Debasish Roy et al (2017)17 observed in their study that 229 were males subject 130 were females subject. C.M. Divyanshanthi et al (2014) 18 found 156 males and 140 females in their study.

Majority of subject were found males population as compared with females population.

Study of Saranya K. Lakshmi et al (2020)19 the common age group of 41-61 year (42.2%).

The predominant bacteria isolate recovered in the study included Staphylococcus SPP 44 isolates (30.99%) followed by E coli 41 isolates (28.87%) Klebsiella pneumoniae 23 isolates (16.20%), Pseudomanas aeruginosa 18 isolates (12.68%), Acinetobacter baumanni 9 isolates (6.34%), Enterobacter cloacae 5 isolates (3.52%), Citrobacter koseri 1 isolate (0.70%) and Proteus Mirabilis 1 isolate (0.70%). out of 142 total positive isolates in which gram positive isolate frequency 30.99% and gram negative isolates frequency 69.01%.Singh A et al (2019)20 found in their study that Staphylococcus SPP 66 isolates (36.1%) were predominant bacteria isolates followed by E coli 44 isolates (24.0%) and then Klebsiella pneumoniae 26 isolates (14.2%). Sahar Mudassar et al (2018) 21 found that Staphylococcus spp 46(4.2%) was the commonest followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19%). Das Munmun et al (2017) 22 found that staphylococcus aureus was the common isolates (41.93%), many study has reported staphylococcus aureus is the commonest isolate from surgical site infection.

In the present study Resistant antibiotic in gram positive bacteria are Penicillin (86.36%), followed by Ampicillin (81.81%), followed by Amoxicillin (77.27%), Norfloxacin (65.90%), Erythromycin (56.81%), linezolid (40.90%), Clindamycin (36.36%) and in gram positive bacteria sensitive antibiotics are Vancomycin (90.99%) followed by Rifampicin (79.54%) Gentamycin (68.18%), Linezolid (59.09%). Prasanta Kumar Panda, et al (2020) 23 found in their study staphylococcus aureus was predominant isolates sensitive to vancomycin (100%).

In the present study gram negative microorganism E.Coli sensitive to Tigecycline (100%), Colistin (100%) followed by Amikacin (58.53%) Gentamycin (48.78%) and Ceftariaxome (100%), Ceftazidime (80.48%) are resistant. Rama Bastola et al (2017)24 found that E.coli was resistant to Ceftriaxome and Ceftazidime and sensitive to Amikacin and Gentamicin.

In the present study gram negative microorganism Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to Ampicillin (100%) followed by Amoxycillin (100%), Centriaxone (95.65%) and Cefuroxime (95.65%) and sensitive to Ertapenem (95.65%), Ciprofloxacin (34.44%), Amikacin (17%). Pooja Patel et al. (2019)25 found that Klebsiella pneumoniae sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (40.0%).

Pseudomonas resistant to Ampicillin/Amoxycillin (100%), Amoyxcillin/Clavulanic acid (100%) followed by Tigecycline (66.66%), Ertapenem (55.55%) and sensitive to Tigecycline-Clavunic Acid (100%), Piperacillin-tazobactum (100%) followed by Cefeperazone/sulbactum (94.44%), Amikacin (94.44%), Imepenam (94.44%).

Kunal Kishor et al. (2015)26 reveled that Pseudomonas sensitive to Penicillin, Piperacillin Tazobactum (100%) in our study is already reported.

Out of 172 multidrug resistance isolates, 26.76% were MRSA, 43.66% Were ESBL and 41.54% were MBL isolates. Higher rate of ESBL production was seen in E.coli. Subha M. et al.27 related that in our study in this study MRSA 100% and 25% ESBL.

Conclusion

The aim of this study Spectrum of all Microorganism isolated from surgical site infection was carried out on patient suffering with post-operative infection in Teerthanker Mahaveer hospital. In this study total 172 patients were included in which 82.55 were pathogenic isolates, 12.5 were non -pathogenic and in 12.20 there was no growth. We observed that higher Surgical site infection occur in the age group of 41-61 year. Most common Pathogenic organisms found to be Staphylococcus aureus. The Staphylococcus SPP 44 isolates (30.99) followed by E coli 41 isolates (28.87) Klebsiella pneumoniae 23 isolates (16.20), Pseudomanas aeruginosa 18 isolates (12.68), Acinetobacter baumanni 9 isolates (6.34), Enterobacter cloacae 5 isolates (3.52), Citrobacter koseri 1 isolate (0.70) and Proteus Mirabilis 1 isolate (0.70). Out of 142 total positive isolates in which gram positive isolate frequency 30.99 and gram negative isolates frequency 69.01.

In this investigation the most prevalent Antibiotic Sensitivity pattern for gram positive bacteria was Vancomycin and Amikacin whereas gram negative bacteria were more Susceptible to Gentamicin and colistin.

Out of 172 multidrug resistance isolates, 26.76 were MRSA, 43.66 Were ESBL and 41.54 were MBL isolates. Higher rate of MRSA Staph.aureus production seen in Higher rate of ESBL production was seen in E.coli.

Acknowledgment

I would like to thanks entire Microbiology department, TMMC & RC for their guidance and cooperative behaviour.

Source of Funding

The authors declare that we have received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.