Introduction
Dengue is an arthropod borne viral illness caused by one of the 4 serotypes of the Dengue virus DEN1 – DEN 4.Dengue viruses are single stranded positive sense RNA viruses belonging to family Flaviviridae. Dengue is worldwide in distribution but more prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is a mosquito-borne disease which affects humans mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.1 The mosquitoes which are responsible for transmission of Dengue infection are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.2 According to WHO globally around 3 billion people live in areas where the risk of exposure to dengue virus is high and nearly 50 million people are infected with dengue virus every year.3, 4 Dengue infection presents clinically after an incubation period of 3-14 days as fever of sudden onset with headache, retrobulbar pain, conjunctival injection, pain in the back and limbs – break bone fever, lymphadenopathy and maculopapular rash. In serious forms, it presents with haemorrhagic manifestations potentially leading to Dengue shock syndrome. Recently a fifth serotype was identified.5 Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in detecting an epidemic or outbreak and in undertaking effective vector control measures.6
During the last half a century, the incidence of Dengue has increased by 30-fold and expanded to many new countries, and also from urban areas to rural areas. Approximately 294 million cases of inapparent Dengue infections and about 96 million of apparent Dengue infections were seen worldwide in 2010, and Asia has contributed to 70% of burden of Dengue infection. Dengue cases in India are rapidly rising every year. In 2015 as per National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) a total of 99,913 of dengue cases were detected with 220 recorded deaths.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided guidelines in 2009 for efficient and accurate diagnosis of Dengue infection - Three diagnostic tests were regarded as gold standards for diagnosis of Dengue infection:
Viral isolation and identification, viral nucleic acid detection, serological tests for IgM or IgG seroconversion.
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) - glycoprotein antigen which is abundantly produced by Dengue virus in the early stage of infection can be detected in the serum or plasma of the patients. 7 After the onset of illness, the NS 1 antigen of virus can be detected in serum or plasma in 4–5 days.
Materials and Methods
Blood samples from 5273 suspected cases collected from January 2016 to December 2016. Sera were separated and subjected for NS1 antigen detection testing by the solid phase immune chromatographic assay, a commercial dengue virus rapid test kit by J.Mitra and anti dengue IgM MAC ELISA kit obtained from National institute of Virology, Pune in the Department of Microbiology, VIMS, Ballari. All samples were put for ELISA.3036 samples were tested for both rapid ICT for NS1 Antigen and IgM ELISA.
Results and Discussion
Out of 5273 cases, 446 (8.46%) were found to be positive by IgM ELISA. The most affected age group was between 5-10yrs, among 284 cases -29 cases were positive (10.21%) followed by the age group of 15yrs and above with 8.74%. Males were affected more than females with a percentage of 9.2 and 7.4 respectively. The highest number of suspected dengue cases were seen in the month of November, i.e. out of 459 cases tested in November, 68 were positive (14.81%) followed by the month of August (12.16%) and September (11.03%), i.e., 28 and 7 cases were positive respectively
3036 samples were subjected for both the tests i.e, rapid ICT for NS1 Antigen and IgM ELISA .208 (6.85%) samples were positive by rapid ICT test and 203 samples i.e, (6.68%) were positive by IgM ELISA.
Rapid ICT test for NS1 Antigen was compared with the IgM ELISA. The result showed a sensitivity of 97.59 %, specificity of 100 %, Positive predictive value (PPV) of 100 % and Negative predictive value of 99.82 % for the Rapid ICT Antigen detection.
Table 0
|
Sensitivity (%) |
Specificity (%) |
Positive predictive value (%) |
Negative predictive value (%) |
|
97.59 |
100 |
100 |
99.82 |
To perform ELISA test, it requires technical expertise, lab should be equipped with instruments like ELISA washer and reader which are expensive instruments. To make it cost effective for the patients, a large number of samples need to be processed at one go. In comparison to ELISA, rapid ICT needs very little technical expertise to perform, cost effective, individual test can be performed. The major advantage in Rapid ICT Antigen detection test is the turnaround time in which results are obtained within minutes in comparison to ELISA which requires few hours to get the report. Also another main advantage of the rapid ICT Antigen detection is a single sample can be run without waiting for the samples to be gathered and processed as in the case of ELISA.
In a study done by Ashwini Manoor Anand et al.,8 Of the total 112 clinically suspected dengue cases, 94 samples were dengue positive cases tested positive by one of the tests such as IgM ELISA, NS1 antigen ELISA and RT-PCR. In their study, most common age group affected was between 0-12 years of age unlike in our study where the commonest age group was 5-10yrs, followed by young adults in the age group 13-24 years but in our study it was 15yrs and above. Females were more affected compared to males with a male to female ratio of 1:1.35 in contrast to our study where males were commonly affected than females.
A study of 228 samples which were tested by Tabassum et al,9 157 were positive by MAC-ELISA and 111 were positive for dengue infection by rapid ICT. Of these, 48 samples were positive for NS1 antigen, 24 samples were positive for IgG, 31 samples were positive for IgM and 8 cases were positive for both NS1 and IgM. The samples were tested using both rapid ICT and IgM capture ELISA, On comparison of both these tests in 228 samples, 104 samples were positive and 64 samples were negative by both the tests. The specificity for ICT in their study was 90.14% and positive predictive value was 93.69% unlike in our study in which Specificity was 100% and positive predictive value also was 100%
Manmeet Kaur Gill 10 in their study showed male to female ratio to be 2:1 and the age of Dengue positive patients was between 11- 60 years but the most common age group affected was between 19-42 years. 250 samples were taken, out of which 69 were reactive for Dengue infection by ELISA. Out of these 69 positive samples, 55 samples were reactive by rapid test. In 18 samples NS1 Ag was positive by both rapid test and ELISA, The rest of the positive samples were either positive for IgM or IgG. When rapid test was compared with ELISA test, 55 were true positives out of 250 samples and 181 were true negative. The specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%. This was in concordance with our study.
A study done by Mahesh Reddy R.11 showed that out of 740 sera samples 354 were NS1 Ag ELISA positive and out of 609 sera samples, 269 were IgM antibody positive. Most of the cases who were Dengue positive either by NS1Antigen or IgM antibody were between the ages of 10-50 years of age. Among the gender distribution, male preponderance existed as was in our study. Specificity and positive predictive value of the test was 98.45 % and 98.15% respectively.
Ashwini manoor anand et al12 in their study concluded that for early diagnosis of Dengue NS1 and RT-PCR are both useful but when compared to cost, technical performance and rapidity, NS1 rapid detection was better than RT-PCR.
Conclusion
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease affecting humans which has a grave consequence if timely intervention is not done. Dengue cases has got a seasonal variation with maximum number of cases the post monsoon season, during September to November. That is the time when there is water collection which becomes a breeding ground for the mosquitoes. This knowledge is useful to plan special preventive strategies so that there is a reduction of number of cases. Our study revealed that there was male preponderance in the occurance of the disease. Young children and adult age group were commonly affected. Our study showed that the rapid ICT kit for NS1 antigen detection that we used for testing performed at par with ELISA based test. Thus in developing countries like India, where there is lack of infrastructure for the diagnostic labs especially in the rural and remote areas, the rapid dengue ICT tests can play a major role in diagnosis and in patient management of acute dengue infection. The rapid ICTs are very simple, does not need technical expertise, easy to perform and the results are obtained in minutes. Thus these tests can be used as point of care tests for rapid diagnosis and timely management of the cases.
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